1.3 recall the term ‘pathogen’ and know that pathogens may be fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses

1.3 •pathogens are organisms which cause disease. They include some fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses

      •protoctist: plasmodium, which causes malaria

      •bacterium: pneumococcus, which cases pneumonia

      •viruses: influenza virus and HIV, which cause the flu and AIDS

1.2 describe the common features shared by organisms within the following main groups: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses, and for each group describe examples and their features as follows (details of life cycle and economic importance are not required)

1.2 •plants: •multicellular 

                   •contain chloroplasts

                   •cellulose cell walls

                   •store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

                   •nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, vacuole

                             

                             •examples: •flowering plants like: •cereals (maize)

                                                                                               •herbaceous legumes (beans)        

      

      •animals: •multicellular 

                      •no chloroplasts  

                      •no cell walls

                      •most have a nervous coordination for response

                      •they can move

                      •store carbohydrates as glycogen 

                      •nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane 

                                 

                                 •examples: •mammals (humans)

                                              

      

       •fungi: •can’t photosynthesise 

                  •some are single-celled

                  •some have mycelium (hyphae thread-like structures) 

                  •chitin cell walls

                  •feed by saprotrophic nutrition 

                  •store carbohydrates as glycogen 

                            

                           •examples: •yeast (single-celled)

                                                          •mucor (multicellular with a mycelium and hyphae)

      

       •bacteria: •microscopic and single-celled

                       •have a cell wall ,cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids

                       •no nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA

                       •some photosynthesise 

                       •most feed of other organisms - living and dead

                               •examples: •lactobacillus bulgaricus (yoghurt) 

                                                              •pneumococcus (causing pneumonia) 

        •protoctists: •microscopic and single-celled

                            •some are like plant cells

                            •some are like animal cells

                                     •all have a cell membrane and a nucleus 

                                      •examples include: •chlorella (plant-cell-like) 

                                                                     •amoeba (animal-cell-like) (lives in pond water)

                                                                     •plasmodium (pathogen causing malaria)

      

        •viruses: •small particles (smaller than bacteria)

                       •reproduce in living cells

                       •parasites and infect others

                       •lots of shapes and sizes

                       •don’t have a cellular structure - they have a protein coat around DNA or RNA

    

                                 •examples include: •influenza virus (causes flu)

                                                                •tobacco mosaic virus (discolours leaves)

                                                                •HIV (causes AIDS)

1.1 understand that living organisms share some following characteristics

1.1 •Control: they control their internal water and temperature conditions 

      •Movement: through growth, or all or part of the organism 

      •Respire: getting energy from food

      •Sensitive: they respond to their surroundings 

      •Grow: they grow and develop

      •Reproduce: they produce offspring

      •Excrete: they excrete their waste

      •Nutrition: they make their own food or eat other organisms